ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵍⵎⵃⵊⵓⴱ ⵍⵀⵉⴱⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ 2005 ⴷ 2011 ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵛⵛⵉⵡⵕ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵡⵏⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ. ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ 1997 ⴷ 2000. ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵍⵀⵉⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ (OMDH) ⴷ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ (CERMEDH) ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⴼⵉⴹ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵏⵓ, ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ

ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵟⵟⴰⵍⵉⴱ ⴰⵄⵎⵢⴰⵕ, ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵉⴽⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.

ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴱⵏⵉⵟⵟⵓ, ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⴽⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰ “ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ”.

ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴷⴷⵅⵉⵍ, ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉⵡⴰⵕ.

ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣⴰ ⵍⴱⵇⵇⴰⵍⵉ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ.

ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⵢⵉⴷ, ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵅⵍⴰ-ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴷⴷⴰⵀⴰⴱ, ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵅⵍⴰ-ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴷⴷⴰⵀⴰⴱ, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵜⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉ.

ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⴼⵉⵇ ⴱⵔⴷⵉⵊⵉ, ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵢⵓⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵇⵢⴰ-ⵍⵃⵎⵕⴰ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ ⴳ 1970, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ 2010. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵚⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵣⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵄⵢⵓⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ “ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵇⵢⴰ ⵍⵃⵎⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵀⴰⴱ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ”. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵍⴱⵔⴷⵉⵊⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ.

ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵍⵖⵣⴰⵍ, ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ-ⵡⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵏ, ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.

ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⴼ, ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ-ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴽⴰⵡ, ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ. ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵙ ⵓⵏⴱⵕⵓⴼⵓⵏⵙ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵡⴰⵜⵢⵉ (1986), ⴷ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵍ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵉⴼⵜ (2000). ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵣⵓⵀⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ, ⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ : ⵉⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ  (CNRS – MIGRINTER) ⴱⵡⴰⵜⵢⵉ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵊⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⵣⴰⴼ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵛⵛⵉⵡⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴼⵏⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.